End-to-end rate adaptation using ran assisted rate adaptation

ABSTRACT

Aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques for end-to-end rate adaptation using radio access network (RAN) assisted rate adaptation. Particularly, when a user equipment (UE) risks operating at rates greater than the guaranteed bit rates (GBR), the UE may rely on rate adaptation mechanisms to indicate when it has exceeded the supported bandwidth such that the UE may reduce its rate accordingly. Specifically, in some examples, a network device (e.g., call session control function (CSCF) and/or policy and charging rules function (PCRF)) may configure endpoints in an end-to-end communication to operate at rates that exceed GBR based on determining that all endpoints support RAN assisted rate adaptation capability. In other examples, the network device may configure maximum bit rates (MBR) that exceed GBR for only the endpoint that supports RAN assisted rate adaptation capability.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/406,866, entitled “End-to-End Rate Adaptation Using RAN assisted RateAdaptation” and filed May 8, 2019, which claims benefit of U.S.Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/673,378, entitled “End-to-End RateAdaptation Using RAN assisted Rate Adaptation” and filed May 18, 2018,which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide varioustelecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging,and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employmultiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication withmultiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., bandwidth,transmit power). Examples of such multiple-access technologies includecode division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multipleaccess (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA)systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems,and single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems.

These multiple access technologies have been adopted in varioustelecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enablesdifferent wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national,regional, and even global level. For example, long term evolution (LTE)and 5G new radio (NR) communications technology expand and supportdiverse usage scenarios and applications with respect to current mobilenetwork generations. In an aspect, wireless communications technologyincludes enhanced mobile broadband addressing human-centric use casesfor access to multimedia content, services and data; ultra-reliable-lowlatency communications (URLLC) with strict requirements, especially interms of latency and reliability; and massive machine typecommunications for a very large number of connected devices andtypically transmitting a relatively low volume of non-delay-sensitiveinformation.

As the demand for mobile broadband access continues to increase,however, there exists a need for further improvements in communicationstechnology and beyond. For example, users now demand even greaterconnectivity for their mobile devices.

SUMMARY

Aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques for end-to-end rateadaptation using radio access network (RAN) assisted rate adaptation.Particularly, when a user equipment (UE) risks operating at ratesgreater than the guaranteed bit rates (GBR), the UE may rely on rateadaptation mechanisms to indicate when it has exceeded the supportedbandwidth such that the UE may reduce its rate accordingly.Specifically, in some examples, a network device (e.g., call sessioncontrol function (CSCF) and/or policy and charging rules function(PCRF)) may configure endpoints in an end-to-end communication tooperate at rates that exceed GBR based on determining that all endpointssupport RAN assisted rate adaptation capability. In other examples, thenetwork device may configure maximum bit rates (MBR) that exceed GBR foronly the endpoint that supports RAN assisted rate adaptation capability.

In one example, a method and apparatus for wireless communicationimplemented by a network device (e.g., CSCF and/or PCRF) is disclosed.The method may include determining, at a network device, whether a firstendpoint of an end-to-end communication supports RAN assisted rateadaptation capability, wherein the first endpoint includes a first UEassociated with a first base station. The method may further includedetermining whether a second endpoint of the end-to-end communicationsupports the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability, wherein the secondendpoint includes a second UE associated with a second base station. Themethod may further include configuring the first end point with amaximum bit rate (MBR) that exceeds a guaranteed bit rate (GBR) based ondetermining that either both the first endpoint and the second endpointsupports the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability or if the firstendpoint supports the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability.

In another example, a method for wireless communication implemented by aUE is disclosed. In some examples, the method may include determining,at a UE, whether the UE supports RAN assisted rate adaptationcapability, wherein the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability allowsthe UE to operate at bit rates that exceed GBR. The method may furtherinclude configuring a session description protocol (SDP) parameter thatindicates the RAN assisted rate adaptation capabilities of the UE, andtransmitting a SDP message that includes the SDP parameter to a networkdevice.

In another example, user equipment (UE) for wireless communications isdisclosed. The UE may comprise a memory configured to store instructionsand a processor communicatively coupled with the memory. The processormay be configured to execute the instructions to determine, at the UE,whether the UE supports RAN assisted rate adaptation capability, whereinthe RAN assisted rate adaptation capability allows the UE to operate atbit rates that exceed GBR. The processor may further configure a SDPparameter that indicates the RAN assisted rate adaptation capabilitiesof the UE, and transmit a SDP message that includes the SDP parameter toa network device.

In another example, a non-transitory computer readable medium storingcode for wireless communications is disclosed. The code comprisinginstructions may be executable by a processor for determining, at a UE,whether the UE supports RAN assisted rate adaptation capability, whereinthe RAN assisted rate adaptation capability allows the UE to operate atbit rates that exceed GBR. The code may further comprise instructionsfor configuring a SDP parameter that indicates the RAN assisted rateadaptation capabilities of the UE, and transmitting a SDP message thatincludes the SDP parameter to a network device.

In another example, an apparatus for wireless communications isdisclosed. The apparatus may include means for determining, at a UE,whether the UE supports RAN assisted rate adaptation capability, whereinthe RAN assisted rate adaptation capability allows the UE to operate atbit rates that exceed GBR. The apparatus may further include means forconfiguring a SDP parameter that indicates the RAN assisted rateadaptation capabilities of the UE, and means for transmitting a SDPmessage that includes the SDP parameter to a network device.

In another example, a method and apparatus for wireless communicationimplemented by a base station is disclosed. The method may includedetermining, at a base station, whether the base station supports RANassisted rate adaptation capability, wherein the RAN assisted rateadaptation capability allows the base station to control traffic when aUE associated with the base station operates at bit rates that exceedsGBR. The method may further include transmitting a notification to theUE indicating whether the base station supports the RAN assisted rateadaptation capability.

To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or moreaspects comprise the features hereinafter fully described andparticularly pointed out in the claims. The following description andthe annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative featuresof the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, ofbut a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspectsmay be employed, and this description is intended to include all suchaspects and their equivalents.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The disclosed aspects will hereinafter be described in conjunction withthe appended drawings, provided to illustrate and not to limit thedisclosed aspects, wherein like designations denote like elements, andin which:

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system inaccordance with aspects of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of the call flow for end-to-endcommunication in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a schematic diagram of an aspect of animplementation of various components of a UE in accordance with variousaspects of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a method of wireless communicationimplemented by the UE in accordance with aspects of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a schematic diagram of an aspect of animplementation of various components of a base station in accordancewith various aspects of the present disclosure;

FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a method of wireless communicationimplemented by the base station in accordance with aspects of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a schematic diagram of an aspect of animplementation of various components of a network device in accordancewith various aspects of the present disclosure;

FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a method of wireless communicationimplemented by the network device in accordance with aspects of thepresent disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As discussed above, in some instances, a UE may operate at rates (e.g.,downlink and uplink) at rates that exceed the guaranteed bit rate (GBR)that may be set by the network as the bandwidth that may be supported.However, operating at rates that exceed GBR may risk packet loss ordelay on the communication link due to the network's inability to handlethe bit rates. When a UE risks operating at rates that exceed GBR, theUE may generally rely on rate adaptation mechanisms to indicate when theUE has exceeded the supported bandwidth. There may be multiplemechanisms that may trigger a media receiver (e.g., receiver UE) torequest that the media sender (e.g., transmitting UE) reduce its rate,including for example: (1) the UE receiver may experience packet loss,jitter, or delay in excess of a predetermined threshold, (2) the UE mayreceive an indication that the MBR has been reduced below the currenttransmission rate, (3) the UE receiver may detect packets with explicitcongestion notification—congestion experienced (ECN-CE) markings, and(4) the UE may receive an access node bit rate (ANBR) message indicatingthat the downlink (or uplink) rate needs to be reduced). In somesituations, the media sender (e.g., transmitting UE) may also receive anANBR from the corresponding base station that the transmitting UE shouldreduce the uplink transmission rates. As such, when determining whatrate to transmit at above GBR, the UE can adjust the aggressiveness ofits algorithms based on knowing which of the above mechanisms aresupported by the wireless communication system (e.g., supported by theaccess network, the other UE, and the core network).

In current systems, however, there is no mechanism for the UE, forexample, to determine whether the far endpoint (e.g., receiver UE orbase station) supports the RAN assisted rate adaptation. With the lackof end-to-end information, the wireless system is unable to efficientlyimplement RAN assisted rate adaptation. Features of the presentdisclosure allow the network devices (e.g., CSCF and/or PCRF), endpointUEs (e.g., first endpoint UE and second endpoint UE), and the endpointbase stations (e.g., first endpoint base station and second endpointbase station) in an end-to-end communication to determine whether one ormore devices on the communication link support the RAN assisted rateadaptation capability by implementing a session description protocol(SDP) parameter.

Specifically, in some instances, a first endpoint (e.g., first UE andcorresponding first base station) may determine whether the associatedfirst UE and first base station supports an ANBR messages (e.g., RANassisted rate adaptation capability). If both devices of the firstendpoint support RAN assisted rate adaptation capability, the first UEmay transmit an SDP message (e.g., SDP offer message) that may includean SDP parameter to the second endpoint (e.g., second UE and second basestation). The SDP offer message and SDP parameter may indicate to thesecond endpoint that the first endpoint supports RAN assisted rateadaptation capability. In response, the second UE, as part of the secondendpoint, may determine whether the second UE and the second basestation also support RAN assisted rate adaptation capability. If so, thesecond UE may respond with SDP answer message that may include SDPparameter (e.g., a=rara parameter) back to the first UE. In between (onthe communication link), the SDP offer and SDP answer messages may bereceived by network devices (e.g., CSCF/PCRF) that may be associatedwith the operator network. The network devices may determine whether thefirst endpoint and the second endpoint support RAN assisted rateadaptation capability. If both endpoints support RAN assisted rateadaptation capability, the network device may configure the first UEsand the second UEs to operate at MBR that exceeds the GBR. In limitedexamples, if only one endpoint supports RAN assisted rate adaptationcapability, the network device may configure the MBR that exceeds GBRfor the endpoint that supports RAN assisted rate adaptation capability.Specifically, the network devices (e.g., PCRF) may use the presence ofthe SDP parameter in the SDP offer or SDP Answer to determine whetherthe network device could set MBR that exceeds GBR with high level ofconfidence. For example, the network devices may set MBR much higher incases where the presence of the SDP parameter indicates RAN assistedrate adaptation is supported throughout the system and set MBR lower ifsome parts of the system do not support rate adaptation. Similarly, theUE may use the presence of the SDP parameter in the SDP messages toselect an adaptation algorithms when operating at rates that exceed GBR.Features of the present disclosure provide advantages over conventionalsystems because current systems do not allow end-to-end rate adaptationbased on knowledge as to whether all endpoints support RAN assisted RATEadaptation.

Various aspects are now described in more detail with reference to theFIGS. 1-8 . In the following description, for purposes of explanation,numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of one or more aspects. It may be evident, however, thatsuch aspect(s) may be practiced without these specific details.Additionally, the term “component” as used herein may be one of theparts that make up a system, may be hardware, firmware, and/or softwarestored on a computer-readable medium, and may be divided into othercomponents.

The following description provides examples, and is not limiting of thescope, applicability, or examples set forth in the claims. Changes maybe made in the function and arrangement of elements discussed withoutdeparting from the scope of the disclosure. Various examples may omit,substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. Forinstance, the methods described may be performed in an order differentfrom that described, and various steps may be added, omitted, orcombined. Also, features described with respect to some examples may becombined in other examples.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communicationssystem and an access network 100. The wireless communications system(also referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) includes basestations 102, UEs 104, and an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160 and a corenetwork 190.

The base stations 102 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to asEvolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) TerrestrialRadio Access Network (E-UTRAN)) may interface with the EPC 160 throughbackhaul links 132 (e.g., S1 interface). The backhaul links 132 may bewired or wireless. The base stations 102 configured for 5G NR(collectively referred to as Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN)) may interfacewith core network 190 and/or EPC 160 through backhaul links 132, 134,184, which may be wired or wireless. In an aspect, for example, an EN-DCconfiguration may utilize an LTE master cell group (MCG) and EPC 160 tosupport communications between the UE 104 and base stations 102configured for 5G NR. The base stations 102 configured for 5G NR mayestablish a backhaul link (e.g., 51 bearer) directly with the servinggateway 166 of the EPC or via a master eNB (i.e., a base station 102configured for 4G LTE). Accordingly, a UE 104 may establish a 5G NRconnection with a 5G access network even if a 5GC is not deployed.Although the following description may be focused on 5G NR and LTE, theconcepts described herein may be applicable to other similar areas, suchas, LTE-A, CDMA, GSM, and other wireless technologies.

In some examples, the wireless communications system may also includethe core network 190 that may provide user authentication, accessauthorization, tracking, internet protocol (IP) connectivity, and otheraccess, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 130 may allowcircuit-switched connectivity to the back-end operator network (e.g.,public land mobile network (PLMN) and/or packet-switched connectivity toprivate networks, operator's intranet or to the public internet. Thecore network 190 may also include call session control function (CSCF)which may be a collection of functional capabilities that play anessential role in the core network. Additionally or alternatively, thecore network 130 may include policy and charging rules function (PCRF)that supports service data flow detection, policy enforcement andflow-based charging. The CSCF and PCRF may collectively may be describedas “network device” for purposes of this disclosure (see FIG. 2 ).

In one or more examples, the one or more UEs 104 may includecommunication management component 350 (see FIG. 3 ) for generatingsession description protocol (SDP) messages (e.g., SDP offers oranswers) that include parameters that indicate whether the endpoint(e.g., the UE 104 and the associated base station 102) support RANassisted rate adaptation capability. In some examples, the UE 104 may beable to determine whether the base station 102 associated with the UE104 supports RAN assisted rate adaptation capability by explicitcapability notification messages received from the base station 102.Specifically, the base station 102 may include a capability managementcomponent 550 (see FIG. 5 ) that generates notifications to the UE 104indicating whether the base station 102 as one part of the end-to-endcommunication supports RAN assisted rate adaptation capability. Further,in some examples, the network device that may be part of the corenetwork 130 may include an end-to-end rate adaptation managementcomponent 750 (see FIG. 7 ) for determining whether to configure MBRthat exceeds GBR for one or more endpoints in an end-to-endcommunication based on determination that either both or at least oneendpoint (i.e., a UE 104 and/or base station 102) supports RAN assistedrate adaptation capability. Specifically, the end-to-end rate adaptationmanagement component 750 may monitor message exchange between a firstendpoint (e.g., first UE 104 and first base station 102) and a secondendpoint (e.g., second UE 104 and second base station 102) to identifyRAN assisted rate adaptation capabilities of both endpoints (e.g., firstand second UEs 104 and first and second base stations 102) based on SDPoffer and answer messages.

The base stations 102 may include macro cells (high power cellular basestation) and/or small cell base stations (low power cellular basestation). The base stations 102 (collectively referred to as EvolvedUniversal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial RadioAccess Network (E-UTRAN)) interface with the EPC 160 through backhaullinks 132 (e.g., S1 interface). In addition to other functions, the basestations 102 may perform one or more of the following functions:transfer of user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering,integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions(e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interferencecoordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distributionfor non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection,synchronization, radio access network (RAN) sharing, multimediabroadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment trace, RANinformation management (RIM), paging, positioning, and delivery ofwarning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate directly orindirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160) with each other over backhaullinks 134 (e.g., X2 interface). The backhaul links 134 may be wired orwireless.

The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Eachof the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for arespective geographic coverage area 110. There may be overlappinggeographic coverage areas 110. For example, the small cell base station102′ may have a coverage area 110′ that overlaps the coverage area 110of one or more macro cell base stations 102. A network that includesboth small cell base stations and macro cell base stations may be knownas a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also includeHome Evolved Node Base Stations (eNBs) (HeNBs), which may provideservice to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG).The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link)transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and/or downlink (DL)(also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use multiple-input andmultiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatialmultiplexing, beamforming, and/or transmit diversity. The communicationlinks may be through one or more carriers. The base stations 102/UEs 104may use spectrum up to Y MHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100 MHz) bandwidthper carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation of up to a total of YxMHz (x component carriers) used for transmission in each direction. Thecarriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation ofcarriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or lesscarriers may be allocated for DL than for UL). The component carriersmay include a primary component carrier and one or more secondarycomponent carriers. A primary component carrier may be referred to as aprimary cell (PCell) and a secondary component carrier may be referredto as a secondary cell (SCell).

Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device(D2D) communication link 192. The D2D communication link 192 may use theDL/UL WWAN spectrum. The D2D communication link 192 may use one or moresidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel(PSBCH), a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH), a physicalsidelink shared channel (PSSCH), and a physical sidelink control channel(PSCCH). D2D communication may be through a variety of wireless D2Dcommunications systems, such as for example, FlashLinQ, WiMedia,Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, LTE, or NR.

The wireless communications system may further include a Wi-Fi accesspoint (AP) 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 viacommunication links 154 in a 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum. Whencommunicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the STAs 152/AP 150may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating inorder to determine whether the channel is available.

The small cell base station 102′ may operate in a licensed and/or anunlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequencyspectrum, the small cell base station 102′ may employ NR and use thesame 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the Wi-Fi AP 150.The small cell base station 102′, employing NR in an unlicensedfrequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and/or increase capacity ofthe access network.

A gNodeB (gNB) or eNodeB (eNB) 180 (one or both of gNB and eNB may alsobe referred to as “base station”) may operate in millimeter wave (mmW)frequencies and/or near mmW frequencies in communication with the UE104. When the gNB 180 operates in mmW or near mmW frequencies, the gNB180 may be referred to as an mmW base station. Extremely high frequency(EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a rangeof 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10millimeters. It should be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in theart that the present invention is not just limited to mmW, but may alsoinclude any other frequencies used for wireless communication. Radiowaves in the band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW mayextend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHzand 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications usingthe mmW/near mmW radio frequency band has extremely high path loss and ashort range. In an aspect, a gNB 180 operating using mmW may utilizebeamforming 184 with the UE 104 to compensate for the extremely highpath loss and short range. Additionally, UEs 104 performing D2Dcommunications may operate using mmW and may also utilize beamforming184.

The EPC may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME), other MMES 164,a Serving Gateway, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS)Gateway 168, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC), and a PacketData Network (PDN) Gateway. The MME may be in communication with a HomeSubscriber Server (HSS) 174. The MME is the control node that processesthe signaling between the UEs 104 and the EPC. Generally, the MMEprovides bearer and connection management. All user Internet protocol(IP) packets are transferred through the Serving Gateway, which itselfis connected to the PDN Gateway. The PDN Gateway provides UE IP addressallocation as well as other functions. The PDN Gateway 172 and the BM-SCare connected to the IP Services. The IP Services may include theInternet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), a PS StreamingService, and/or other IP services. The BM-SC may provide functions forMBMS user service provisioning and delivery. The BM-SC may serve as anentry point for content provider MBMS transmission, may be used toauthorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobilenetwork (PLMN), and may be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. The MBMSGateway may be used to distribute MBMS traffic to the base stations 102belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) areabroadcasting a particular service, and may be responsible for sessionmanagement (start/stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charginginformation.

The base station may also be referred to as a gNB, Node B, evolved NodeB (eNB), an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio basestation, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic serviceset (BSS), an extended service set (ESS), or some other suitableterminology. The base station 102 provides an access point to the EPC160 for a UE 104. Examples of UEs 104 include a cellular phone, a smartphone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personaldigital assistant (PDA), a satellite radio, a global positioning system,a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3player), a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearabledevice, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a large or smallkitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a display, or anyother similar functioning device. Some of the UEs 104 may be referred toas IoT devices (e.g., parking meter, gas pump, toaster, vehicles, heartmonitor, etc.). The UE 104 may also be referred to as a station, amobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit,a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, awireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriberstation, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, aremote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, orsome other suitable terminology.

In some examples, the wireless communication system may be a mmWcommunication system. In mmW communication systems (e.g., access network100), a line of sight (LOS) may be needed between a transmitting device(e.g., base station 102) and a receiving device (e.g., UE 104), orbetween two UEs 104. Frequency is very high in mmW communication systemswhich means that beam widths are very small, as the beam widths areinversely proportional to the frequency of the waves or carrierstransmitted by an antenna of the transmitting device. Beam widths usedin mmW communications are often termed as “pencil beams.” The smallwavelengths may result in many objects or materials acting as obstaclesincluding even oxygen molecules. Therefore, LOS between the transmitterand receiver may be required unless a reflected path is strong enough totransmit data. Further, in some examples, base stations may track UEs104 to focus beams for communication.

During LOS situations, tracking of the UE 104 may be performed by thebase station 102 or another UE 104 by focusing a beam onto the trackedUE 104. However, if the receiving UE 104 is in a Non-Line of Sight(NLOS) position, then a transmitter of the base station 102 may need tosearch for a strong reflected path which is not always available. Anexample of a UE 104 being in a NLOS position may include a first UE 104located within a vehicle. When the first UE 104 is located within thevehicle, a base station 102 may have difficulty retaining LOS and thedifficulty of retaining LOS may further increase when the vehicle ismoving.

Further, compared to lower frequency communication systems, a distancebetween base stations 102 in a mmW communication system may be veryshort (e.g., 150-200 meters between gNBs). The short distances mayresult in a short amount of time required for a handover between basestations 102. The short distance and the fast handovers may causedifficulty to the base station 102 in maintaining a LOS beam on a UE 104when the UE 104 is, for example, located within a vehicle as even smallobstacles like a user's finger on the UE 104 or the vehicle windows orwindshield act as obstacles to maintaining the LOS.

One way to overcome LOS issues is by using CV2X technologies. In CV2Xtechnology, a vehicle can communicate with at least one of one or morecellular networks, one or more vehicles, and/or one or more cellularconfigured devices. To communicate with other devices the CV2Xtechnology may use antennas that are compatible with mmW communicationsystems.

In certain aspects, one or more UEs 104 may be configured for CV2Xcommunications between UEs 104. The UEs 104 may include various devicesrelated to vehicles and transportation. For example, the UEs 104 mayinclude vehicles, devices within vehicles, and transportationinfrastructure such as roadside devices, tolling stations, fuelsupplies, or any other device that that may communicate with a vehicle.A UE 104 may act as either a host device or a client device for CV2Xcommunication. A host UE 104 may advertise CV2X services supported bythe host UE 104. A client UE 104 may discover CV2X services supported bythe host UE 104. Moreover, a UE 104 may act as both a host and a client.For example, a vehicle may act as a host to provide speed and brakingupdates to surrounding vehicles and act as a client to communicate witha tolling station. Accordingly, a single UE 104 may include both a hostdiscovery component and a client discovery component.

FIG. 2 is a call flow diagram 200 for end-to-end communication thatallows network devices (e.g., CSCF/PCRF) to configure bit rates thatexceed GBR based on whether the endpoints support RAN assisted rateadaptation capability. The call flow diagram 200 may include at leastfirst end point of an end-to-end communication that may include first UE104-a and first base station 102-a in communication with the firstnetwork device 205-a (e.g., CSCF/PCRF A). The diagram 200 may alsoinclude a second end point of the end-to-end communication that mayinclude a second UE 104-b, a second base station 102-b, and a secondnetwork device 205-b (e.g., CSCF/PCRF B).

As noted above, in some instances, the UEs 104 may communicate (e.g.,for downlink and uplink) at bit rates that exceed the GBR set by thenetwork. This may be possible because although the network may provide aspecified bandwidth to the UE 104 (e.g., GBR), the network may beconfigured to process rates that exceed the GBR when overall trafficallows (e.g., low demand by other UEs). As such, in some situations, theUEs 104 may be able to communicate at a MBR that exceeds the GBR. Doingso, however, may risk potential packet drops or delays if the network isunable to handle the greater bit rate. The RAN assisted rate adaptationtechnique allows to control and/or adjust the bit rates for the UE 104when the UE 104 is operated at rates that exceed the GBR. Specifically,when the base station 102 experiences or detects congestion, the basestation 102 may transmit a notification to the UE 104 requesting the UE104 to reduce the operating rate.

In order for implementation for this functionality, however, the networkmay need to determine whether all end points in an end-to-endcommunication support the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability. Ifone or more endpoints fails to support the RAN assisted rate adaptationcapability, the network may risk packet loss or delay. As such, at block210, the base stations 102 (e.g., first base station 102-a and secondbase station 102-b) may respectively determine whether the base station102 supports the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability. As notedabove, the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability may allow the basestation 102 to control communication rates when the UE 104 associatedwith the base station 102 operates at bit rates that exceed GBR byallowing the base station 104 to provide explicit indication of theuplink and downlink rates that may be supported, and thus enablingfaster and more accurate rate adaptation for the wireless communicationssystem. Once, the base stations 102 determine that the RAN assisted rateadaptation capability is supported, the base stations 102, at 215, maytransmit a notification to the UEs 104 that indicate whether the basestation (e.g., first base station 102-a and/or second base station102-b) supports the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability.

Upon receiving notification from the base stations 102, the UEs 104, at220, may determine whether each UE 104 (e.g., first UE 104-a and secondUE 104-b) supports the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability. Based onthe determination, the second UE 104-a, for example, may generate asession description protocol (SDP) parameter that indicates whether thesecond endpoint (e.g., second UE 104-a and second base station 102-b)supports the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability. At 225, the secondUE 104-a may transmit a SDP message that may be an example of a SDPoffer message that includes the SDP parameter to the first UE 104-a.

During the transmission of the SDP message, the SDP offer message may bereceived and detected by the first network device 205-a and the secondnetwork device 205-b. Accordingly, the network devices 205 may determinewhether the second endpoint of an end-to-end communication supports theRAN assisted rate adaptation capability.

At 235, the first UE 104-a, upon receiving the SDP offer that includesthe SDP parameter indicating support for the RAN assisted rateadaptation capability, may transmit a SDP answer message that alsoinclude the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability parameter indicatingthat the first endpoint (e.g., first UE 104-a and first base station104-a) also supports the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability. At240, the SDP answer may be detected by the first network device 205-aand the second network device 205-b that may determine whether the firstendpoint of an end-to-end communication supports the RAN assisted rateadaptation capability.

At 245, the network devices 205 may configure the first endpoint and/orthe second endpoint with a MBR that exceeds a GBR based on determiningthat both the first end point and the second endpoint support the RANassisted rate adaptation capability. In limited examples, the networkdevices 205 may configure the MBR to exceed the GBR for the endpointthat supports the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability even if thesecond endpoint fails to support the RAN assisted rate adaptationcapability. For example, if the network devices 205 determine (based onSDP messages) that the first endpoint (e.g., first UE 104-a and firstbase station 102-a) supports the RAN assisted rate adaptation capabilitywhile the second endpoint (e.g., second UE 104-b and the second basestation 102-b) fails to support the RAN assisted rate adaptationcapability, the first network device 205-a may configure the firstendpoint with MBR that exceeds the GBR such that the first UE 104-a maytransmit (uplink) or receive (downlink) at rates that exceed greaterthan GBR. However, in this situation, the second network device 205-bmay elect to omit configuring the bit rates that exceed GBR for thesecond endpoint.

FIG. 3 illustrates a hardware components and subcomponents of a devicethat may be a UE 104 for implementing one or more methods (e.g., method400) described herein in accordance with various aspects of the presentdisclosure. For example, one example of an implementation of the UE 104may include a variety of components, some of which have already beendescribed above, but including components such as one or more processors312, memory 316 and transceiver 302 in communication via one or morebuses 344, which may operate in conjunction with the communicationmanagement component 350 to perform functions described herein relatedto including one or more methods (e.g., 400) of the present disclosure.

The one or more processors 312, modem 314, memory 316, transceiver 302,RF front end 388 and one or more antennas 365, may be configured tosupport voice and/or data calls (simultaneously or non-simultaneously)in one or more radio access technologies. In an aspect, the one or moreprocessors 312 can include a modem 314 that uses one or more modemprocessors. The various functions related to communication managementcomponent 350 may be included in modem 314 and/or processors 312 and, inan aspect, can be executed by a single processor, while in otheraspects, different ones of the functions may be executed by acombination of two or more different processors. For example, in anaspect, the one or more processors 312 may include any one or anycombination of a modem processor, or a baseband processor, or a digitalsignal processor, or a transmit processor, or a receiver processor, or atransceiver processor associated with transceiver 302. In other aspects,some of the features of the one or more processors 312 and/or modem 314associated with communication management component 350 may be performedby transceiver 302.

The memory 316 may be configured to store data used herein and/or localversions of application(s) 375 or communication management component 350and/or one or more of its subcomponents being executed by at least oneprocessor 312. The memory 316 can include any type of computer-readablemedium usable by a computer or at least one processor 312, such asrandom access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), tapes, magneticdiscs, optical discs, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, and anycombination thereof. In an aspect, for example, the memory 316 may be anon-transitory computer-readable storage medium that stores one or morecomputer-executable codes defining communication management component350 and/or one or more of its subcomponents, and/or data associatedtherewith, when the UE 104 is operating at least one processor 312 toexecute communication management component 350 and/or one or more of itssubcomponents.

The transceiver 302 may include at least one receiver 306 and at leastone transmitter 308. The receiver 306 may include hardware, firmware,and/or software code executable by a processor for receiving data, thecode comprising instructions and being stored in a memory (e.g.,computer-readable medium). The receiver 306 may be, for example, a radiofrequency (RF) receiver. In an aspect, the receiver 306 may receivesignals transmitted by at least one UE 104. Additionally, receiver 306may process such received signals, and also may obtain measurements ofthe signals, such as, but not limited to, Ec/Io, SNR, RSRP, RSSI, etc.The transmitter 308 may include hardware, firmware, and/or software codeexecutable by a processor for transmitting data, the code comprisinginstructions and being stored in a memory (e.g., computer-readablemedium). A suitable example of the transmitter 308 may including, but isnot limited to, an RF transmitter.

Moreover, in an aspect, transmitting device may include the RF front end388, which may operate in communication with one or more antennas 365and transceiver 302 for receiving and transmitting radio transmissions,for example, wireless communications transmitted by at least one basestation 102 or wireless transmissions transmitted by UE 104. An antenna365 may be one or more antennas, antenna elements and/or antenna arrays.The RF front end 388 may be connected to one or more antennas 365 andcan include one or more low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) 390, one or moreswitches 392, one or more power amplifiers (PAs) 398, and one or morefilters 396 for transmitting and receiving RF signals.

In an aspect, the LNA 390 can amplify a received signal at a desiredoutput level. In an aspect, each LNA 390 may have a specified minimumand maximum gain values. In an aspect, the RF front end 388 may use oneor more switches 392 to select a particular LNA 390 and its specifiedgain value based on a desired gain value for a particular application.

Further, for example, one or more PA(s) 398 may be used by the RF frontend 388 to amplify a signal for an RF output at a desired output powerlevel. In an aspect, each PA 398 may have specified minimum and maximumgain values. In an aspect, the RF front end 388 may use one or moreswitches 392 to select a particular PA 398 and its specified gain valuebased on a desired gain value for a particular application.

Also, for example, one or more filters 396 can be used by the RF frontend 388 to filter a received signal to obtain an input RF signal.Similarly, in an aspect, for example, a respective filter 396 can beused to filter an output from a respective PA 398 to produce an outputsignal for transmission. In an aspect, each filter 396 can be connectedto a specific LNA 390 and/or PA 398. In an aspect, the RF front end 388can use one or more switches 392 to select a transmit or receive pathusing a specified filter 396, LNA 390, and/or PA 398, based on aconfiguration as specified by the transceiver 302 and/or processor 312.

As such, the transceiver 302 may be configured to transmit and receivewireless signals through one or more antennas 365 via the RF front end388. In an aspect, the transceiver 302 may be tuned to operate atspecified frequencies such that transmitting device can communicatewith, for example, one or more base stations 102 or one or more cellsassociated with one or more base stations 102. In an aspect, forexample, the modem 314 can configure the transceiver 302 to operate at aspecified frequency and power level based on the configuration of thetransmitting device and the communication protocol used by the modem314.

In an aspect, the modem 314 can be a multiband-multimode modem, whichcan process digital data and communicate with the transceiver 302 suchthat the digital data is sent and received using the transceiver 302. Inan aspect, the modem 314 can be multiband and be configured to supportmultiple frequency bands for a specific communications protocol. In anaspect, the modem 314 can be multimode and be configured to supportmultiple operating networks and communications protocols. In an aspect,the modem 314 can control one or more components of transmitting device(e.g., RF front end 388, transceiver 302) to enable transmission and/orreception of signals from the network based on a specified modemconfiguration. In an aspect, the modem configuration can be based on themode of the modem 314 and the frequency band in use. In another aspect,the modem configuration can be based on UE configuration informationassociated with transmitting device as provided by the network duringcell selection and/or cell reselection.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of an example method 400 for wirelesscommunications in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Themethod 400 may be performed using the UE 104. Although the method 400 isdescribed below with respect to the elements of the UE 104, othercomponents may be used to implement one or more of the steps describedherein.

At block 405, the method 400 may optionally include receiving, at theUE, a capability notification from a base station or a network entityassociated with the UE that identifies whether the base station supportsRAN assisted rate adaptation capability. Aspects of block 405 may beperformed by transceiver 302 described with reference to FIG. 3 .

At block 410, the method 400 may further optionally include determining,at the UE, whether the base station associated with the UE supports theRAN assisted rate adaptation capability based on the capabilitynotification. Aspects of block 410 may be performed by communicationmanagement component 350 and more particularly the RAN assisted ratecapability component 355 as described with reference to FIG. 3 .

At block 415, the method 400 may include determining, at the UE, whetherthe UE supports the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability. The RANassisted rate adaptation capability may allow the UE to operate at bitrates that exceed GBR. In some examples, determination whether the UEsupports RAN assisted rate adaptation capability may be based on adetermination whether the UE is configured to process access node bitrate (ANBR) messages from the base station that may instruct the UE 104to reduce one or both of uplink or downlink bit rate duringcommunication when the bit rate exceeds GBR. In some examples, the ANBRmessages may be transmitted by the base station when the base station isexperiencing congestion on the network. Aspects of block 415 may beperformed by RAN assisted rate capability component 355 as describedwith reference to FIG. 3 .

At block 420, the method 400 may include configuring a SDP parameterthat indicates the RAN assisted rate adaptation capabilities of the UEand in some instance, the base station associated with the UE. Aspectsof block 420 may be performed by RAN assisted rate capability component355 as described with reference to FIG. 3 .

At block 425, the method 400 may include transmitting a SDP message thatincludes the SDP parameter to a network device. In some examples, theSDP message may be an SDP offer message. In other examples, the SDPmessage may be SDP answer message transmitted by the UE in response to aSDP offer message received from a UE indicating that the UE and thecorresponding base station support the RAN assisted rate adaptationcapability. Aspects of block 425 may be performed by transceiver 302described with reference to FIG. 3 .

At block 430, the method 400 may optionally include receiving, inresponse to transmission of the SDP message, a bit rate configurationmessage from the network device, wherein the bit rate configurationmessage sets a MBR to exceed the GBR. In some examples, the UE 104 maybe a data source (e.g., media generator) and transmits the data at thebit rate set by the network device (e.g., bit rates that exceed GBRbased on the bit rate configuration messages). Aspects of block 430 maybe performed by bit rate configuration component 360 as described withreference to FIG. 3 .

FIG. 5 illustrates a hardware components and subcomponents of a devicethat may be a base station 102 for implementing one or more methods(e.g., method 600) described herein in accordance with various aspectsof the present disclosure. For example, one example of an implementationof the base station 102 may include a variety of components, some ofwhich have already been described above, but including components suchas one or more processors 512, memory 516 and transceiver 502 incommunication via one or more buses 544, which may operate inconjunction with the capability management component 550 to performfunctions described herein related to including one or more methods(e.g., 600) of the present disclosure.

The one or more processors 512, modem 514, memory 516, transceiver 502,RF front end 588 and one or more antennas 565, may be configured tosupport voice and/or data calls (simultaneously or non-simultaneously)in one or more radio access technologies. In an aspect, the one or moreprocessors 512 can include a modem 514 that uses one or more modemprocessors. The various functions related to capability managementcomponent 550 may be included in modem 514 and/or processors 512 and, inan aspect, can be executed by a single processor, while in otheraspects, different ones of the functions may be executed by acombination of two or more different processors. For example, in anaspect, the one or more processors 512 may include any one or anycombination of a modem processor, or a baseband processor, or a digitalsignal processor, or a transmit processor, or a receiver processor, or atransceiver processor associated with transceiver 502. In other aspects,some of the features of the one or more processors 512 and/or modem 514associated with capability management component 550 may be performed bytransceiver 502.

The memory 516 may be configured to store data used herein and/or localversions of application(s) 575 or capability management component 550and/or one or more of its subcomponents being executed by at least oneprocessor 512. The memory 516 can include any type of computer-readablemedium usable by a computer or at least one processor 512, such asrandom access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), tapes, magneticdiscs, optical discs, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, and anycombination thereof. In an aspect, for example, the memory 516 may be anon-transitory computer-readable storage medium that stores one or morecomputer-executable codes defining capability management component 550and/or one or more of its subcomponents, and/or data associatedtherewith, when the UE 104 is operating at least one processor 512 toexecute capability management component 550 and/or one or more of itssubcomponents.

The transceiver 502 may include at least one receiver 506 and at leastone transmitter 508. The receiver 506 may include hardware, firmware,and/or software code executable by a processor for receiving data, thecode comprising instructions and being stored in a memory (e.g.,computer-readable medium). The receiver 506 may be, for example, a radiofrequency (RF) receiver. In an aspect, the receiver 506 may receivesignals transmitted by at least one UE 104. Additionally, receiver 506may process such received signals, and also may obtain measurements ofthe signals, such as, but not limited to, Ec/Io, SNR, RSRP, RSSI, etc.The transmitter 508 may include hardware, firmware, and/or software codeexecutable by a processor for transmitting data, the code comprisinginstructions and being stored in a memory (e.g., computer-readablemedium). A suitable example of the transmitter 508 may including, but isnot limited to, an RF transmitter.

Moreover, in an aspect, transmitting device may include the RF front end588, which may operate in communication with one or more antennas 565and transceiver 502 for receiving and transmitting radio transmissions,for example, wireless communications transmitted by at least one basestation 102 or wireless transmissions transmitted by UE 104. The RFfront end 588 may be connected to one or more antennas 565 and caninclude one or more low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) 590, one or moreswitches 592, one or more power amplifiers (PAs) 598, and one or morefilters 596 for transmitting and receiving RF signals.

In an aspect, the LNA 590 can amplify a received signal at a desiredoutput level. In an aspect, each LNA 590 may have a specified minimumand maximum gain values. In an aspect, the RF front end 588 may use oneor more switches 592 to select a particular LNA 590 and its specifiedgain value based on a desired gain value for a particular application.

Further, for example, one or more PA(s) 598 may be used by the RF frontend 588 to amplify a signal for an RF output at a desired output powerlevel. In an aspect, each PA 598 may have specified minimum and maximumgain values. In an aspect, the RF front end 588 may use one or moreswitches 592 to select a particular PA 598 and its specified gain valuebased on a desired gain value for a particular application.

Also, for example, one or more filters 596 can be used by the RF frontend 588 to filter a received signal to obtain an input RF signal.Similarly, in an aspect, for example, a respective filter 596 can beused to filter an output from a respective PA 598 to produce an outputsignal for transmission. In an aspect, each filter 596 can be connectedto a specific LNA 590 and/or PA 598. In an aspect, the RF front end 588can use one or more switches 592 to select a transmit or receive pathusing a specified filter 596, LNA 590, and/or PA 598, based on aconfiguration as specified by the transceiver 502 and/or processor 512.

As such, the transceiver 502 may be configured to transmit and receivewireless signals through one or more antennas 565 via the RF front end388. In an aspect, the transceiver 502 may be tuned to operate atspecified frequencies such that transmitting device can communicatewith, for example, one or more UEs 104 or one or more cells associatedwith one or more base stations 102. In an aspect, for example, the modem514 can configure the transceiver 502 to operate at a specifiedfrequency and power level based on the configuration of the transmittingdevice and the communication protocol used by the modem 514.

In an aspect, the modem 514 can be a multiband-multimode modem, whichcan process digital data and communicate with the transceiver 502 suchthat the digital data is sent and received using the transceiver 502. Inan aspect, the modem 514 can be multiband and be configured to supportmultiple frequency bands for a specific communications protocol. In anaspect, the modem 514 can be multimode and be configured to supportmultiple operating networks and communications protocols. In an aspect,the modem 514 can control one or more components of transmitting device(e.g., RF front end 588, transceiver 502) to enable transmission and/orreception of signals from the network based on a specified modemconfiguration. In an aspect, the modem configuration can be based on themode of the modem 514 and the frequency band in use. In another aspect,the modem configuration can be based on base station 104 configurationinformation associated with transmitting device as provided by thenetwork during cell selection and/or cell reselection.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of an example method 600 for wirelesscommunications in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Themethod 600 may be performed by using the base station 102. Although themethod 600 is described below with respect to the elements of the basestation 102, other components may be used to implement one or more ofthe steps described herein.

At block 605, the method 600 may include determining, at a base station,whether the base station supports RAN assisted rate adaptationcapability, wherein the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability allowsthe base station to control traffic when a UE associated with the basestation operates at bit rates that exceed GBR. Aspects of block 605 maybe performed by capability management component 550 described withreference to FIG. 5 .

At block 610, the method 600 may include transmitting a notification tothe UE indicating whether the base station supports the RAN assistedrate adaptation capability. Aspects of block 610 may be performed bytransceiver 502 described with reference to FIG. 5 .

At block 615, the method 600 may optionally include receiving, inresponse to transmission of the SDP message, a bit rate configurationmessage from the network device, wherein the bit rate configurationmessage sets a MBR to exceed the GBR. Aspects of block 615 may beperformed by capability management component 550 described withreference to FIG. 5 .

FIG. 7 illustrates a hardware components and subcomponents of a devicethat may be a network device 205 (e.g., CSCF and/or PCRF) forimplementing one or more methods (e.g., method 700) described herein inaccordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. For example,one example of an implementation of the network device 205 may include avariety of components, some of which have already been described above,but including components such as one or more processors 712, memory 716and transceiver 702 in communication via one or more buses 744, whichmay operate in conjunction with the end-to-end rate adaptationmanagement component 750 to perform functions described herein relatedto including one or more methods (e.g., 800) of the present disclosure.

The one or more processors 712, modem 714, memory 716, transceiver 702,RF front end 788 and one or more antennas 765, may be configured tosupport voice and/or data calls (simultaneously or non-simultaneously)in one or more radio access technologies. In an aspect, the one or moreprocessors 712 can include a modem 714 that uses one or more modemprocessors. The various functions related to end-to-end rate adaptationmanagement component 750 may be included in modem 714 and/or processors712 and, in an aspect, can be executed by a single processor, while inother aspects, different ones of the functions may be executed by acombination of two or more different processors. For example, in anaspect, the one or more processors 712 may include any one or anycombination of a modem processor, or a baseband processor, or a digitalsignal processor, or a transmit processor, or a receiver processor, or atransceiver processor associated with transceiver 702. In other aspects,some of the features of the one or more processors 712 and/or modem 714associated with end-to-end rate adaptation management component 750 maybe performed by transceiver 702.

The memory 716 may be configured to store data used herein and/or localversions of application(s) 775 or end-to-end rate adaptation managementcomponent 750 and/or one or more of its subcomponents being executed byat least one processor 712. The memory 716 can include any type ofcomputer-readable medium usable by a computer or at least one processor712, such as random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), tapes,magnetic discs, optical discs, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, andany combination thereof. In an aspect, for example, the memory 716 maybe a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium that stores one ormore computer-executable codes defining end-to-end rate adaptationmanagement component 750 and/or one or more of its subcomponents, and/ordata associated therewith, when the UE 104 is operating at least oneprocessor 712 to execute end-to-end rate adaptation management component750 and/or one or more of its subcomponents.

The transceiver 702 may include at least one receiver 706 and at leastone transmitter 708. The receiver 706 may include hardware, firmware,and/or software code executable by a processor for receiving data, thecode comprising instructions and being stored in a memory (e.g.,computer-readable medium). The receiver 706 may be, for example, a radiofrequency (RF) receiver. In an aspect, the receiver 706 may receivesignals transmitted by at least one UE 104 and/or base station 102.Additionally, receiver 706 may process such received signals, and alsomay obtain measurements of the signals, such as, but not limited to,Ec/Io, SNR, RSRP, RSSI, etc. The transmitter 708 may include hardware,firmware, and/or software code executable by a processor fortransmitting data, the code comprising instructions and being stored ina memory (e.g., computer-readable medium). A suitable example of thetransmitter 708 may including, but is not limited to, an RF transmitter.

Moreover, in an aspect, transmitting device may include the RF front end788, which may operate in communication with one or more antennas 765and transceiver 702 for receiving and transmitting radio transmissions,for example, wireless communications transmitted by at least one basestation 102 or wireless transmissions transmitted by UE 104. The RFfront end 788 may be connected to one or more antennas 765 and caninclude one or more low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) 790, one or moreswitches 792, one or more power amplifiers (PAs) 798, and one or morefilters 796 for transmitting and receiving RF signals.

In an aspect, the LNA 790 can amplify a received signal at a desiredoutput level. In an aspect, each LNA 790 may have a specified minimumand maximum gain values. In an aspect, the RF front end 788 may use oneor more switches 792 to select a particular LNA 790 and its specifiedgain value based on a desired gain value for a particular application.

Further, for example, one or more PA(s) 798 may be used by the RF frontend 788 to amplify a signal for an RF output at a desired output powerlevel. In an aspect, each PA 795 may have specified minimum and maximumgain values. In an aspect, the RF front end 788 may use one or moreswitches 792 to select a particular PA 798 and its specified gain valuebased on a desired gain value for a particular application.

Also, for example, one or more filters 796 can be used by the RF frontend 788 to filter a received signal to obtain an input RF signal.Similarly, in an aspect, for example, a respective filter 796 can beused to filter an output from a respective PA 798 to produce an outputsignal for transmission. In an aspect, each filter 796 can be connectedto a specific LNA 790 and/or PA 798. In an aspect, the RF front end 788can use one or more switches 792 to select a transmit or receive pathusing a specified filter 796, LNA 790, and/or PA 798, based on aconfiguration as specified by the transceiver 702 and/or processor 712.

As such, the transceiver 702 may be configured to transmit and receivewireless signals through one or more antennas 765 via the RF front end788. In an aspect, the transceiver 702 may be tuned to operate atspecified frequencies such that transmitting device can communicatewith, for example, one or more UEs 104 or one or more cells associatedwith one or more base stations 102. In an aspect, for example, the modem714 can configure the transceiver 702 to operate at a specifiedfrequency and power level based on the configuration of the transmittingdevice and the communication protocol used by the modem 714.

In an aspect, the modem 714 can be a multiband-multimode modem, whichcan process digital data and communicate with the transceiver 702 suchthat the digital data is sent and received using the transceiver 702. Inan aspect, the modem 714 can be multiband and be configured to supportmultiple frequency bands for a specific communications protocol. In anaspect, the modem 714 can be multimode and be configured to supportmultiple operating networks and communications protocols. In an aspect,the modem 714 can control one or more components of transmitting device(e.g., RF front end 788, transceiver 702) to enable transmission and/orreception of signals from the network based on a specified modemconfiguration. In an aspect, the modem configuration can be based on themode of the modem 714 and the frequency band in use. In another aspect,the modem configuration can be based on base station 104 configurationinformation associated with transmitting device as provided by thenetwork during cell selection and/or cell reselection.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart of an example method 800 for wirelesscommunications in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Themethod 800 may be performed using the network device 205. Although themethod 800 is described below with respect to the elements of thenetwork device 800, other components may be used to implement one ormore of the steps described herein.

At block 805, the method 800 may include determining, at a networkdevice, whether a first endpoint of an end-to-end communication supportsradio access network (RAN) assisted rate adaptation capability, whereinthe first endpoint includes a first UE associated with a first basestation. Aspects of block 805 may be performed by end-to-end rateadaptation management component 750 described with reference to FIG. 7 .

At block 810, the method 800 may include determining whether a secondendpoint of the end-to-end communication supports the RAN assisted rateadaptation capability, wherein the second endpoint includes a second UEassociated with a second base station. Aspects of block 810 may beperformed by end-to-end rate adaptation management component 750described with reference to FIG. 7 .

At block 815, the method 800 may include configuring the first end pointwith a MBR that exceeds a GBR based on determining that either both thefirst endpoint and the second endpoint supports the RAN assisted rateadaptation capability or if the first endpoint supports the RAN assistedrate adaptation capability. Aspects of block 815 may be performed byend-to-end rate adaptation management component 750 described withreference to FIG. 7 .

At block 820, the method 800 may optionally include transmitting aconfiguration message to the first end point that allows the first UEand the first base station to communicate at bit rates that exceed theGBR. Aspects of block 815 may be performed by transceiver 702 describedwith reference to FIG. 7 .

The above detailed description set forth above in connection with theappended drawings describes examples and does not represent the onlyexamples that may be implemented or that are within the scope of theclaims. The term “example,” when used in this description, means“serving as an example, instance, or illustration,” and not “preferred”or “advantageous over other examples.” The detailed description includesspecific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of thedescribed techniques. These techniques, however, may be practicedwithout these specific details. In some instances, well-known structuresand apparatuses are shown in block diagram form in order to avoidobscuring the concepts of the described examples.

Information and signals may be represented using any of a variety ofdifferent technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions,commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may bereferenced throughout the above description may be represented byvoltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles,optical fields or particles, computer-executable code or instructionsstored on a computer-readable medium, or any combination thereof.

The various illustrative blocks and components described in connectionwith the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with aspecially-programmed device, such as but not limited to a processor, adigital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a FPGA or other programmablelogic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, a discrete hardwarecomponent, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functionsdescribed herein. A specially-programmed processor may be amicroprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be anyconventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. Aspecially-programmed processor may also be implemented as a combinationof computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor,multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunctionwith a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

The functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, softwareexecuted by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. Ifimplemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may bestored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on anon-transitory computer-readable medium. Other examples andimplementations are within the scope and spirit of the disclosure andappended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functionsdescribed above can be implemented using software executed by aspecially programmed processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, orcombinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may alsobe physically located at various positions, including being distributedsuch that portions of functions are implemented at different physicallocations. Also, as used herein, including in the claims, “or” as usedin a list of items prefaced by “at least one of” indicates a disjunctivelist such that, for example, a list of “at least one of A, B, or C”means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C).

Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media andcommunication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of acomputer program from one place to another. A storage medium may be anyavailable medium that can be accessed by a general purpose or specialpurpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation,computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or otheroptical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storagedevices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desiredprogram code means in the form of instructions or data structures andthat can be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer,or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, any connectionis properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if thesoftware is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote sourceusing a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digitalsubscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio,and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair,DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave areincluded in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein,include compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatiledisc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproducedata magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers.Combinations of the above are also included within the scope ofcomputer-readable media.

It should be noted that the techniques described above may be used forvarious wireless communication networks such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA,SC-FDMA, and other systems. The terms “system” and “network” are oftenused interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technologysuch as CDMA2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc.CDMA2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and IS-856 standards. IS-2000 Releases 0and A are commonly referred to as CDMA2000 1×, 1×, etc. IS-856 (TIA-856)is commonly referred to as CDMA2000 1×EV-DO, High Rate Packet Data(HRPD), etc. UTRA includes Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) and other variants ofCDMA. A TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as GlobalSystem for Mobile Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement aradio technology such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), Evolved UTRA(E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20,Flash-OFDM™, etc. UTRA and E-UTRA are part of Universal MobileTelecommunication System (UMTS). 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) andLTE-Advanced (LTE-A) are new releases of UMTS that use E-UTRA. UTRA,E-UTRA, UMTS, LTE, LTE-A, and GSM are described in documents from anorganization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). CDMA2000and UMB are described in documents from an organization named “3rdGeneration Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). The techniques describedherein may be used for the systems and radio technologies mentionedabove as well as other systems and radio technologies, includingcellular (e.g., LTE) communications over a shared radio frequencyspectrum band. The description below, however, describes an LTE/LTE-Asystem for purposes of example, and LTE terminology is used in much ofthe description below, although the techniques are applicable beyondLTE/LTE-A applications (e.g., to 5G networks or other next generationcommunication systems).

Some Further Example Embodiments

An example method for wireless communications, comprising: determining,at a user equipment (UE), whether the UE supports radio access network(RAN) assisted rate adaptation capability, wherein the RAN assisted rateadaptation capability allows the UE to operate at bit rates that exceedguaranteed bit rate (GBR); configuring a session description protocol(SDP) parameter that indicates the RAN assisted rate adaptationcapabilities of the UE; and transmitting a SDP message that includes theSDP parameter to a network device.

The above example method, further comprising: receiving, at the UE, acapability notification from a base station associated with the UE thatidentifies whether the base station supports RAN assisted rateadaptation capability; and determining, at the UE, whether the basestation associated with the UE supports the RAN assisted rate adaptationcapability based on the capability notification.

Any of the above example methods, the method may further comprise:receiving, in response to transmission of the SDP message, a bit rateconfiguration message from the network device, wherein the bit rateconfiguration message sets a maximum bit rate (MBR) to exceed the GBR.

Any of the above example methods, wherein the UE is a data source andtransmits the data at the bit rates that exceed the GBR based on the bitrate configuration message.

In one or more of above example methods, wherein the UE is a data sourceUE, and wherein the SDP message is a SDP offer message.

Any of the above example methods, wherein the UE is a data consumer UE,and wherein the SDP message is a SDP answer message transmitted by theUE in response to a SDP offer message received from a data source UEindicating that the data source UE and the corresponding data sourcebase station support the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability.

Any of the above example methods, the method may further comprise:receiving an access node bit rate (ANBR) message from the base stationinstructing the UE to reduce one or both of uplink or downlink bit ratewhen the bit rate exceeds GBR, wherein the ANBR message is transmittedby the base station when the base station is experiencing congestion onnetwork.

An example user equipment (UE) for wireless communications comprising amemory configured to store instructions; a processor communicativelycoupled with the memory, the processor configured to execute theinstructions to: determine, at the UE, whether the UE supports radioaccess network (RAN) assisted rate adaptation capability, wherein theRAN assisted rate adaptation capability allows the UE to operate at bitrates that exceed guaranteed bit rate (GBR); configure a sessiondescription protocol (SDP) parameter that indicates the RAN assistedrate adaptation capabilities of the UE; and transmit a SDP message thatincludes the SDP parameter to a network device.

Any of the above example UE, the processor is further configured to:receive, at the UE, a capability notification from a base stationassociated with the UE that identifies whether the base station supportsRAN assisted rate adaptation capability; and determine, at the UE,whether the base station associated with the UE supports the RANassisted rate adaptation capability based on the capabilitynotification.

Any of the above example UE, wherein the processor is further configuredto: receive, in response to transmission of the SDP message, a bit rateconfiguration message from the network device, wherein the bit rateconfiguration message sets a maximum bit rate (MBR) to exceed the GBR.

Any of the above example UE, wherein the UE is a data source andtransmits the data at the bit rates that exceed the GBR based on the bitrate configuration message.

Any of the above example UE, wherein the UE is a data source UE, andwherein the SDP message is a SDP offer message.

Any of the above example UE, wherein the UE is a data consumer UE, andwherein the SDP message is a SDP answer message transmitted by the UE inresponse to a SDP offer message received from a data source UEindicating that the data source UE and the corresponding data sourcebase station support the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability.

Any of the above example UE, wherein the processor is further configuredto: receive an access node bit rate (ANBR) message from the base stationinstructing the UE to reduce one or both of uplink or downlink bit ratewhen the bit rate exceeds GBR, wherein the ANBR message is transmittedby the base station when the base station is experiencing congestion onnetwork.

An example non-transitory computer readable medium storing code forwireless communications, the code comprising instructions executable bya processor for: determining, at a user equipment (UE), whether the UEsupports radio access network (RAN) assisted rate adaptation capability,wherein the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability allows the UE tooperate at bit rates that exceed guaranteed bit rate (GBR); configuringa session description protocol (SDP) parameter that indicates the RANassisted rate adaptation capabilities of the UE; and transmitting a SDPmessage that includes the SDP parameter to a network device.

Any of the above example computer readable medium, may further compriseinstructions for: receiving, at the UE, a capability notification from abase station associated with the UE that identifies whether the basestation supports RAN assisted rate adaptation capability; anddetermining, at the UE, whether the base station associated with the UEsupports the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability based on thecapability notification.

Any of the above example computer readable medium, may further compriseinstructions for: receiving, in response to transmission of the SDPmessage, a bit rate configuration message from the network device,wherein the bit rate configuration message sets a maximum bit rate (MBR)to exceed the GBR.

Any of the above example computer readable medium, wherein the UE is adata source and transmits the data at the bit rates that exceed the GBRbased on the bit rate configuration message.

Any of the above computer readable medium, wherein the UE is a datasource UE, and wherein the SDP message is a SDP offer message.

Any of the above example computer readable medium, wherein the UE is adata consumer UE, and wherein the SDP message is a SDP answer messagetransmitted by the UE in response to a SDP offer message received from adata source UE indicating that the data source UE and the correspondingdata source base station support the RAN assisted rate adaptationcapability.

Any of the above example computer readable medium, further comprising:receiving an access node bit rate (ANBR) message from the base stationinstructing the UE to reduce one or both of uplink or downlink bit ratewhen the bit rate exceeds GBR, wherein the ANBR message is transmittedby the base station when the base station is experiencing congestion onnetwork.

An example apparatus for wireless communications, comprising: means fordetermining, at a user equipment (UE), whether the UE supports radioaccess network (RAN) assisted rate adaptation capability, wherein theRAN assisted rate adaptation capability allows the UE to operate at bitrates that exceed guaranteed bit rate (GBR); means for configuring asession description protocol (SDP) parameter that indicates the RANassisted rate adaptation capabilities of the UE; and means fortransmitting a SDP message that includes the SDP parameter to a networkdevice.

Any of the above example apparatus, comprising: means for receiving, atthe UE, a capability notification from a base station associated withthe UE that identifies whether the base station supports RAN assistedrate adaptation capability; and means for determining, at the UE,whether the base station associated with the UE supports the RANassisted rate adaptation capability based on the capabilitynotification.

Any of the above example apparatus, comprising: means for receiving, inresponse to transmission of the SDP message, a bit rate configurationmessage from the network device, wherein the bit rate configurationmessage sets a maximum bit rate (MBR) to exceed the GBR.

Any of the above example apparatus, wherein the UE is a data source andtransmits the data at the bit rates that exceed the GBR based on the bitrate configuration message.

Any of the above example apparatus, wherein the UE is a data source UE,and wherein the SDP message is a SDP offer message.

Any of the above example apparatus, wherein the UE is a data consumerUE, and wherein the SDP message is a SDP answer message transmitted bythe UE in response to a SDP offer message received from a data source UEindicating that the data source UE and the corresponding data sourcebase station support the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability.

Any of the above example apparatus, comprising means for receiving anaccess node bit rate (ANBR) message from the base station instructingthe UE to reduce one or both of uplink or downlink bit rate when the bitrate exceeds GBR, wherein the ANBR message is transmitted by the basestation when the base station is experiencing congestion on network.

The previous description of the disclosure is provided to enable aperson skilled in the art to make or use the disclosure. Variousmodifications to the disclosure will be readily apparent to thoseskilled in the art, and the common principles defined herein may beapplied to other variations without departing from the spirit or scopeof the disclosure. Furthermore, although elements of the describedaspects and/or embodiments may be described or claimed in the singular,the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular isexplicitly stated. Additionally, all or a portion of any aspect and/orembodiment may be utilized with all or a portion of any other aspectand/or embodiment, unless stated otherwise. Thus, the disclosure is notto be limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to beaccorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novelfeatures disclosed herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for wireless communications, comprising:determining, at a user equipment (UE), whether the UE supports radioaccess network (RAN) assisted rate adaptation capability, wherein theRAN assisted rate adaptation capability allows the UE to operate at bitrates that exceed guaranteed bit rate (GBR); receiving, at the UE, anetwork capability notification from a base station associated with theUE, wherein the network capability notification indicates that the basestation also supports the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability;configuring a session description protocol (SDP) parameter thatindicates the RAN assisted rate adaptation capabilities of the UE; andtransmitting a SDP message that includes the SDP parameter to a networkdevice indicating that an endpoint supports the RAN assisted rateadaptation capability, the endpoint including one or both of the UE andthe base station.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:receiving, in response to transmission of the SDP message, a bit rateconfiguration message from the network device, wherein the bit rateconfiguration message sets a maximum bit rate (MBR) to exceed the GBR.3. The method of claim 2, wherein the UE is a data source and transmitsthe data at the bit rates that exceed the GBR based on the bit rateconfiguration message.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the UE is adata source UE, and wherein the SDP message is a SDP offer message. 5.The method of claim 1, wherein the UE is a data consumer UE, and whereinthe SDP message is a SDP answer message transmitted by the UE inresponse to a SDP offer message received from a data source UEindicating that the data source UE and corresponding data source basestation support the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: receiving an access node bit rate(ANBR) message from the base station instructing the UE to reduce one orboth of uplink or downlink bit rate when the bit rate exceeds GBR,wherein the ANBR message is transmitted by the base station when thebase station is experiencing congestion on network.
 7. A user equipment(UE) for wireless communications, comprising: a memory configured tostore instructions; a processor communicatively coupled with the memory,the processor configured to execute the instructions to: determine, atthe UE, whether the UE supports radio access network (RAN) assisted rateadaptation capability, wherein the RAN assisted rate adaptationcapability allows the UE to operate at bit rates that exceed guaranteedbit rate (GBR); receive, at the UE, a network capability notificationfrom a base station associated with the UE, wherein the networkcapability notification indicates that the base station also supportsthe RAN assisted rate adaptation capability, configure a sessiondescription protocol (SDP) parameter that indicates the RAN assistedrate adaptation capabilities of the UE; and transmit a SDP message thatincludes the SDP parameter to a network device indicating that anendpoint supports the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability, theendpoint including one or both of the UE and the base station.
 8. The UEof claim 7, wherein the processor is further configured to: receive, inresponse to transmission of the SDP message, a bit rate configurationmessage from the network device, wherein the bit rate configurationmessage sets a maximum bit rate (MBR) to exceed the GBR.
 9. The UE ofclaim 8, wherein the UE is a data source and transmits the data at bitrates that exceed the GBR based on the bit rate configuration message.10. The UE of claim 7, wherein the UE is a data source UE, and whereinthe SDP message is a SDP offer message.
 11. The UE of claim 7, whereinthe UE is a data consumer UE, and wherein the SDP message is a SDPanswer message transmitted by the UE in response to a SDP offer messagereceived from a data source UE indicating that the data source UE andcorresponding data source base station support the RAN assisted rateadaptation capability.
 12. The UE of claim 7, wherein the processor isfurther configured to: receive an access node bit rate (ANBR) messagefrom the base station instructing the UE to reduce one or both of uplinkor downlink bit rate when the bit rate exceeds GBR, wherein the ANBRmessage is transmitted by the base station when the base station isexperiencing congestion on network.
 13. A non-transitory computerreadable medium storing code for wireless communications, the codecomprising instructions executable by a processor for: determining, at auser equipment (UE), whether the UE supports radio access network (RAN)assisted rate adaptation capability, wherein the RAN assisted rateadaptation capability allows the UE to operate at bit rates that exceedguaranteed bit rate (GBR); receiving, at the UE, a network capabilitynotification from a base station associated with the UE, wherein thenetwork capability notification indicates that the base station alsosupports the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability; configuring asession description protocol (SDP) parameter that indicates the RANassisted rate adaptation capabilities of the UE; and transmitting a SDPmessage that includes the SDP parameter to a network device indicatingthat an endpoint supports the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability,the endpoint including one or both of the UE and the base station. 14.The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 13, furthercomprising instructions for: receiving, in response to transmission ofthe SDP message, a bit rate configuration message from the networkdevice, wherein the bit rate configuration message sets a maximum bitrate (MBR) to exceed the GBR.
 15. The non-transitory computer readablemedium of claim 14, wherein the UE is a data source and transmits thedata at the bit rates that exceed the GBR based on the bit rateconfiguration message.
 16. The non-transitory computer readable mediumof claim 13, wherein the UE is a data source UE, and wherein the SDPmessage is a SDP offer message.
 17. The non-transitory computer readablemedium of claim 13, wherein the UE is a data consumer UE, and whereinthe SDP message is a SDP answer message transmitted by the UE inresponse to a SDP offer message received from a data source UEindicating that the data source UE and corresponding data source basestation support the RAN assisted rate adaptation capability.
 18. Thenon-transitory computer readable medium of claim 13, further comprising:receiving an access node bit rate (ANBR) message from the base stationinstructing the UE to reduce one or both of uplink or downlink bit ratewhen the bit rate exceeds GBR, wherein the ANBR message is transmittedby the base station when the base station is experiencing congestion onnetwork.
 19. An apparatus for wireless communications, comprising: meansfor determining, at a user equipment (UE), whether the UE supports radioaccess network (RAN) assisted rate adaptation capability, wherein theRAN assisted rate adaptation capability allows the UE to operate at bitrates that exceed guaranteed bit rate (GBR); means for receiving, at theUE, a network capability notification from a base station associatedwith the UE, wherein the network capability notification indicates thatthe base station also supports the RAN assisted rate adaptationcapability; means for configuring a session description protocol (SDP)parameter that indicates the RAN assisted rate adaptation capabilitiesof the UE; and means for transmitting a SDP message that includes theSDP parameter to a network device indicating that an endpoint supportsthe RAN assisted rate adaptation capability, the endpoint including oneor both of the UE and the base station.
 20. The apparatus of claim 19,further comprising: means for receiving, in response to transmission ofthe SDP message, a bit rate configuration message from the networkdevice, wherein the bit rate configuration message sets a maximum bitrate (MBR) to exceed the GBR.
 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein theUE is a data source and transmits the data at the bit rates that exceedthe GBR based on the bit rate configuration message.
 22. The apparatusof claim 19, wherein the UE is a data source UE, and wherein the SDPmessage is a SDP offer message.
 23. The apparatus of claim 19, whereinthe UE is a data consumer UE, and wherein the SDP message is a SDPanswer message transmitted by the UE in response to a SDP offer messagereceived from a data source UE indicating that the data source UE andcorresponding data source base station support the RAN assisted rateadaptation capability.